Abstract: Building on the ecological dimension of Marx and Engels’ theory of productive forces, and through critical reflection on the ecological limits of the traditional view of productive forces, Xi Jinping has advanced a series of important expositions on the development of productive forces with rich and distinctive ecological implications. On the constituent elements of productive forces, he noted that “ecology is a resource, and ecology is a productive force,” and stated that “to protect the environment is to protect productivity, and to improve the environment is to boost productivity,” thereby identifying the ecological environment as a basic condition for the sustained reproduction of productive forces. On their essential nature, he observed that “green development is the base color of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces are inherently green,” indicating that advanced productive forces should be assessed not only by efficiency and technological level but also by their green attributes and sustainability. On development requirements, he called for grasping the dialectical unity between high-quality development and high-standard environmental protection, so that protection is strengthened in the course of high-quality development and, in turn, provides a stronger ecological underpinning for high-quality development. On development goals, he called for achieving an organic unity between prosperity for the people and a sound ecology, pointing to a modernization in which improved livelihoods and ecological improvement reinforce each other. Overall, these expositions have enriched the ecological dimension of Marxist theory of productive forces, provided guidance for the green transition in all aspects of economic and social development, and contributed China’s wisdom to building a clean and beautiful world.