National Park Concession:International Comparison and Enlightenment

The overall plan for the establishment of national parks puts forward a clear proposal on the establishment of concession management system, but the legal basis of concession, concession project, concessioner selection, how to supervise the concessioner operation to ensure the ecological protection of the national parks, the standard of franchise fee and basis and the challenges are still not very clear. Taking the case of three national park management models, such as centralization represented by US, local autonomy represented by Australia, and integrated management represented by Canada and Japan, we find that the foreign countries all clearly put forward the principles of "necessity and appropriateness" as well as "suitability and efficiency" for concession operations involved in seven types of projects, and there are also strict regulations in the law for the franchisee's qualifications, abilities, project supervision and evaluation agencies. The ways of formulating franchise fees in different countries can be divided into single standard and compound standard, but are all based on the accounting principle of "budget for revenues and expenditures ". Although foreign countries have accumulated rich experience, the increasingly reduced financial allocation, operating cost pressure and contract conflicts have also posed challenge to concession. Our findings would provide reference to the formulation of the concession system of China's national parks.