Abstract: Ecological disasters are a kind of damage to human and its surrounding environment due to the abnormal change of natural ecosystem. From 1912 to 1949, there were frequent ecological disasters in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and many kinds of disasters alternated or even interweaved. Floods and droughts were especially severe, and derived disasters and secondary disasters were significant. Ecological disasters are the result of the superposition and interaction of various factors such as natural ecology and social politics, among which political instability, destruction of war, inadequate social governance capacity can directly induce the disasters. These ecological disasters further exacerbate the ecological environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The social economy had suffered serious losses resulted in the people's hardlife. However, it has promoted the public's awareness of disaster prevention and relief, and accelerated the introduction and establishment of modern science and technology for disaster prevention and relief. Meanwhile, it has accumulated historical experiences and lessons for the new China's disaster prevention and relief.