Nature-based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaption: Barcelona’s Experience
-
摘要: 由于气候变暖趋势加剧，适应气候已成为当前城市发展的重要挑战。在此背景下，基于自然的解决方案（NbS)理论逐渐产生并应用于城市规划与景观设计等领域，旨在通过“与自然合作”的方式增强城市适应力与灾害抵御力、协调社会与环境矛盾、促进城市可持续发展。当前国外关于NbS的研究已从理论走向实践，而国内该领域仍处于理论探讨阶段，对城市维度NbS相关规划的内容制定与实践运用缺乏系统性的研究。以欧洲典型高密度城市巴塞罗那为例，从规划实践角度，基于已有理论范式概括城市层面NbS运用的多重效益，梳理该市相关规划文件，介绍巴塞罗那在城市尺度采取的主要NbS措施，剖析其实践方法、制度优势与特点，以期通过总结巴塞罗那市的NbS实践经验，为将来我国城市制定基于自然的解决方案提供参考。Abstract: Due to the intensified climate warming trend, adapting to it has become an important challenge for current urban development. In this context, nature-based solutions (NbS) have been proposed and used in urban planning and landscape architecture design. NbS can use nature approaches to enhance urban adaptability and disaster resilience, coordinate social and environment contradiction and promote sustainable development of cities. Nowadays, the research of NbS in foreign countries is focusing on the application, while China is still paying attentions to the theoretical interpretation, especially lacking of systematic experience analysis. Based on the NbS theory, the paper takes Barcelona as an example, summarizes the multiple benefits of NbS application in urban areas and statistics of various nature-based plans such as Barcelona climate plan and green infrastructure plan, and analyzes their implementation methods, system advantages and implementation characteristics. Through summarizing the practical experience of NbS in Barcelona, the papers aims to provide reference for the development of natural-based solutions in our cities in the future.
-
Keywords:
- nature-based solutions /
- climate change /
- urban /
- Barcelona
-
表 1 巴塞罗那市的NbS措施
方法 减缓与适应气候的方式 其他主要效益 理论依据 街头树木 吸收CO2
增强高温天气适应力
缓解城市热岛效应建立和改善生态系统连接性
减少雨水径流
增强城市吸引力与市民福祉EbA
GI绿色走廊 吸收CO2
增强高温天气适应力建立和改善生态系统连接性
增强城市机动性
优化骑行体验
增强雨水渗透，避免下水道溢流
增强城市吸引力与市民福祉GI
NWRM （Natural Water Retention Measures，天然
保水措施）城郊森林 吸收CO2
缓解城市热岛效应维护生态系统与生物多样性
提供绿色活动空间
缓解空气污染EbA
GI混合沙丘 适应海平面上升
减少洪水风险维护生态系统与生物多样性
增强沿海地区吸引力EbA
Eco-DRR城市花园与绿色屋顶 吸收CO2
增强高温天气适应力提供公共绿地
提供食品
增强城市吸引力与市民福祉
对空置区域再利用
缓解空气污染GI 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 巴塞罗那市NbS相关规划文件清单
文件类型 文件名称 发布年份 综合规划 《市政行动规划2016—2019》[29] 2016 综合规划 《气候规划2018—2030》[27] 2018 绿色走廊与城郊森林 《巴塞罗那绿色基础设施和生物多样性规划2020》[25] 2013 绿色走廊与城郊森林 《分析绿色和生物多样性》[30] 2017 绿色走廊 《政府措施：城市绿色基础设施促进规划》[31] 2017 街头树木 《树木总体规划2017—2037》[32] 2017 街头树木 《政府措施：2017—2037树木管理规划》[33] 2017 街头树木 《巴塞罗那街道树木管理》[34] 2011 绿色走廊 《城市绿色走廊实例与设计标准》[35] 2010 城市花园与绿色屋顶 《巴塞罗那市都市农业战略2019—2030》[36] 2019 城市花园与绿色屋顶 《政府措施：促进巴塞罗那的活动露台和绿色屋顶》[37] 2014 城市花园与绿色屋顶 《露台与绿色屋顶指南》[38] 2015
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 陈梦芸,林广思. 基于自然的解决方案:利用自然应对可持续发展挑战的综合途径[J]. 中国园林,2019,35(3):81-85. [2] WAMSLER C,WICKENBERG B,HANSON H,et al. Environmental and climate policy integration:targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,247:1-10.
[3] DORST H,VAN DER JAGT A,RAVEN R,et al. Urban greening through nature-based solutions-key characteristics of an emerging concept[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society,2019,49:1-8.
[4] International Union for Conservation of Nature. No time to lose make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime[EB/OL]. [2020-08-03]. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/iucn_position_paper_unfccc_cop_15_1.pdf.
[5] MACKINNON K, SOBREVILA C, HICKEY V. Biodiversity, climate change, and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the World Bank portfolio[EB/OL]. [2020-08-14]. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/149141468320661795/pdf/467260WP0REPLA1sity1Sept020081final.pdf.
[6] COHEN-SHACHAM E, WALTERS G, JANZEN C, et al. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges[EB/OL]. [2020-06-24]. https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_93FD38C8836B.P001/REF.
[7] 陈梦芸, 林广思. 推动基于自然的解决方案的实施: 多类型案例综合研究[C]//孟兆祯, 陈重. 中国风景园林学会2018年会论文集. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2018: 323-329. [8] 陈梦芸,林广思. 基于自然的解决方案:一个容易被误解的新术语[J]. 南方建筑,2019(3):40-44. [9] 张小全,谢茜,曾楠. 基于自然的气候变化解决方案[J]. 气候变化研究进展,2020,16(3):336-344. [10] 罗明,应凌霄,周妍. 基于自然解决方案的全球标准之准则透析与启示[J]. 中国土地,2020(4):9-13. [11] 刘佳坤,吝涛,赵宇,等. 面向城市可持续发展的自然解决途径(NBSs)研究进展[J]. 生态学报,2019,39(16):6040-6050. [12] 林伟斌,孙一民. 基于自然解决方案对我国城市适应性转型发展的启示[J]. 国际城市规划,2020,35(2):62-72. [13] PAULEIT S, ZÖLCH T, HANSEN R, et al. Nature-based solutions and climate change–four shades of green[M]//KABISCH N, KORN H, STADLER J, et al. Nature-based solutions to climate change adaptation in urban areas. Cham: Springer Nature, 2017: 29-49.
[14] POTSCHIN M, KRETSCH C, HAINES-YOUNG R, et al. Nature-based solutions[EB/OL]. [2020-08-20]. http://www.openness-project.eu/library/reference-book/sp-NBS.
[15] MAES J,JACOBS S. Nature-based solutions for Europe’s sustainable development[J]. Conservation Letters,2017,10(1):121-124. doi: 10.1111/conl.12216
[16] EGGERMONT H,BALIAN E,AZEVEDO J M N,et al. Nature-based solutions:new influence for environmental management and research in Europe[J]. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society,2015,24(4):243-248. doi: 10.14512/gaia.24.4.9
[17] Secretariat of Convention on Biological Diversity. Connecting biodiversity and climate change mitigation and adaptation: report of the second ad hoc technical expert group on biodiversity and climate change[EB/OL]. [2020-08-04]. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-41-en.pdf.
[18] SCARANO F R. Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change:concept,scalability and a role for conservation science[J]. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation,2017,15(2):65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.003
[19] United Nations Environment Programme. Promoting ecosystems for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: opportunities for integration[EB/OL]. [2020-09-05]. https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/eco-drr/eco-drr-discussion-paper-2015.pdf.
[20] ESTRELLA M, SAALISMAA N. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction （Eco-DRR）: an overview[M]// RENAUD F G, SUDMEIER-RIEUX K, ESTRELLA M. The role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2013: 26-54.
[21] RAYMOND C M, BERRY P, BREIL M, et al. An impact evaluation framework to support planning and evaluation of nature-based solutions projects[M]. Wallingford: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 2017.
[22] CHIESURA A. The role of urban parks for the sustainable city[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68(1):129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
[23] BAUDUCEAU N, BERRY P, CECCHI C, et al. Towards an EU research and innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities[M]. Bruxelles: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.
[24] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Estadística de la població de Barcelona lectura del padró municipal d’habitants[EB/OL]. [2020-09-02]. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/18-001-poblaci%c3%b32018.pdf.
[25] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Barcelona green infrastructure and biodiversity plan 2020[EB/OL]. [2020-07-20]. https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/85101/1/12888.pdf.
[26] CAMPS-CALVET M,LANGEMEYER J,CALVET-MIR L,et al. Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona,Spain:Insights for policy and planning[J]. Environmental Science & Policy,2016,62:14-23.
[27] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Climate plan 2018-2030[EB/OL]. [2020-06-13]. https://www.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/sites/default/files/documents/climate-plan-maig.pdf.
[28] Oppla. Barcelona: nature-based solutions （NBS） enhancing resilience to climate change[EB/OL]. [2020-08-18]. https://oppla.eu/casestudy/17283.
[29] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Programa d’actuació municipal 2016-2019[EB/OL]. [2020-07-18]. https://decidim-barcelona-production.s3.amazonaws.com/decidim-barcelona/uploads/decidim/attachment/file/10/00.pdf.
[30] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Diagnosi del verd i de la biodiversitat [EB/OL]. [2020-07-30]. https://www.barcelona.cat/barcelona-pel-clima/sites/default/files/documents/diagnosi-verd-biodiversitat.pdf.
[31] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Mesura de govern: programa d’impuls de la infraestructura verda urbana[EB/OL]. [2020-07-10]. https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/102316/1/mg-impuls-infraestructura-verda-urbana.pdf.
[32] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Arbres per viure: pla director de l’arbrat de Barcelona 2017-2037[EB/OL]. [2020-07-29]. https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/101548/3/Pla-arbrat-2017.pdf.
[33] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Mesura de govern: arbres per viure pla director de l’arbrat de Barcelona 2017-2037[EB/OL]. [2020-07-29]. http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/sites/default/files/mesura-govern-pla-director-arbrat.pdf.
[34] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Street tree management in Barcelona [EB/OL]. [2020-07-29]. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/sites/default/files/streettreemanagmentbcn-eng.pdf.
[35] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Els corredors verds urbans exemples i criteris de disseny[EB/OL]. [2020-07-16]. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/lafabricadelsol/sites/default/files/guia38-corredors-verds-urbans.pdf.
[36] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Estratègia d’agricultura urbana a la ciutat de Barcelona 2019-2030[EB/OL]. [2020-07-06]. https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/116590/3/EstrategiaAgriculturaUrbana_Abril2019_def.pdf.
[37] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Mesura de govern: per a impulsar terrats vius i cobertes verdes a Barcelona[EB/OL]. [2020-07-29]. https://bcnroc.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/jspui/bitstream/11703/84720/1/14168.pdf.
[38] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Guia de terrats vius i cobertes verdes[EB/OL]. [2020-07-18]. https://media-edg.barcelona.cat/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/guia-terrats-cat-baixa.pdf.
[39] Ajuntament de Barcelona. Esquema Director de les Portes de Collserola a Barcelona: mesura de govern[EB/OL]. [2020-06-05]. http://hdl.handle.net/11703/84703.
[40] CAMPS-CALVET M,LANGEMEYER J,CALVET-MIR L,et al. Sowing resilience and contestation in times of crises:the case of urban gardening movements in Barcelona[J]. Partecipazione e Conflitto,2015,8(2):417-442.
[41] DOMENE E,SAURÍ D. Urbanization and class-produced natures:vegetable gardens in the Barcelona metropolitan region[J]. Geoforum,2007,38(2):287-298. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.03.004
[42] KÖHLER M,SCHMIDT M,GRIMME F W,et al. Green roofs in temperate climates and in the hot-humid tropics-far beyond the aesthetics[J]. Environmental Management and Health,2002,13(4):382-391. doi: 10.1108/09566160210439297
[43] SUSCA T,GAFFIN S R,DELL’OSSO G R,et al. Positive effects of vegetation:urban heat island and green roofs[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(8-9):2119-2126. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.007
[44] OBERNDORFER E,LUNDHOLM J,BASS B,et al. Green roofs as urban ecosystems:ecological structures,functions,and services[J]. BioScience,2007,57(10):823-833. doi: 10.1641/B571005
[45] BUEHLER D,JUNGE R. Global trends and current status of commercial urban rooftop farming[J]. Sustainability,2016,8(11):1-16.
[46] MESIMÄKI M,HAURU K,KOTZE D J,et al. Neo-spaces for urban livability?urbanites’ versatile mental images of green roofs in the Helsinki metropolitan area,Finland[J]. Land Use Policy,2017(61):587-600.
-
期刊类型引用(2)
1. 庄苇，卢林. 可持续的园林博览会规划设计——以湖北省（黄石）首届园林博览会规划设计方案为例. 华中建筑. 2019(11): 101-104 . 
百度学术
2. 任慧妍，翟付顺，赵红霞. 基于市民参与的城市公园活动空间规划设计. 中国城市林业. 2018(01): 39-43 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(5)
计量
- 文章访问数: 2255
- HTML全文浏览量: 705
- PDF下载量: 121
- 被引次数: 7
