Abstract: Developing new quality productivity is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of agricultural enterprises. Based on Marx's theory of the three elements of productivity and the concept of new quality productivity, this paper constructs an index system for measuring new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. The entropy method is then employed to quantify this productivity. Using panel data from 110 listed agricultural enterprises, this study examines the impact of business model innovation on new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. Drawing on dynamic capability theory and institutional theory, this paper investigates the mediating role of dynamic capability and the moderating role of the institutional environment. The research results show that: new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises is generally low, and there are significant differences among agricultural enterprises. Business model innovation significantly enhances new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. Dynamic capability mediates the relationship between business model innovation and new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. The institutional environment positively moderates the effect of business model innovation on new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. The impact of business model innovation on new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises varies significantly based on property rights and industry segments. The research results deepen the understanding of the relationship between business model innovation and new quality productivity in agricultural enterprises. They also provide theoretical guidance for agricultural enterprises to actively implement business model innovation and achieve high-quality development.